Pixel density

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Figure 1. High Pixel Density Vs Low Pixel Density (image: teknosrc.com)

Pixel density is the number of pixels in a certain amount of space and it describes the sharpness and clarity for different types of displays (i.e. computers, mobile devices, cameras, etc). Pixel density is often measured in Pixels per Inch (PPI) - the number of pixels present per inch on the display. A display's pixel density is different from its resolution, which is the total number of pixels across the display's width and height (Figure 1).

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Calculating pixels per inch

Pixel density is calculated based on the resolution and size of the display using the following formula:

where Wp is the horizontal number of pixels; Hp, the vertical number of pixels; and S, the screen size. As an example, a 32 inches TV with a resolution of 1080p (1920 x 1080 pixels) will result in a pixel density of 68.84 ppi.

PPI, while an important metric, cannot be used by itself as the standard for sharpness since the distance between the eyes and the display is also important. When the eyes are closer to a display, pixels may become visible; moving further away from a device that has additional pixel density may not be useful because the added pixel density will not be perceptible due to distance. Different devices are used at different ranges to the eyes: smartphones are used closer to the eyes then tablets, computer monitors are used a bit further away, and TV even farther. This means that for different devices there are distinctive PPIs to achieve the same perceived sharpness from the specific point of view of the user.

Pixel density in Virtual Reality

Figure 2. Relation between pixels per degree and field of view (Image: eenewseurope.com)

When dealing with virtual reality or augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs), a more useful metric for pixel density might be Pixels per Degree (PPD).

To calculate the HMD’s pixel density in PPD (the number of pixels per degree it presents to the eye), the number of pixels in a horizontal display line has to be divided by the horizontal field of view provided by the lens.

As an example, the old Oculus Rift DK1 had a single 1280 x 800 display, resulting in 640 x 800 pixels per eye., and a monocular field of view of around 90 degrees. Dividing the horizontal number of pixels (640 px) by its horizontal FOV (90 degrees) results in a pixel density of 7.1 ppd.

A higher pixel density will allow finer details to be visible and contributes to an overall more realistic image. One of the things that separated professional-grade VR HMD’s from the ones available to consumers was the higher pixel density.

Indeed, this is is one of the elements that contribute to the sense of immersion in VR. An HMD with low pixel density can cause blurring of words and objects, presence of pixelation and the screen door effect. Also, as pixel density increases, lower persistence is needed to avoid blurring. However, in general terms, a higher PPD number will result in a sharper, more realistic image - one of the factors that influence immersion and presence. There is an inverse relationship - a trade-off - between PPD and FOV (Figure 2): a narrow FOV results in a higher pixel density and a higher FOV produces a lower pixel density.

Chinnock (2017) provides the following example: “If you want a 100-degree horizontal field of view and use a panel with 1080 x 1200 pixels per eye, you get 11 pixels per degree per eye if the optics are perfect and your eye is in the optimal lens-to-eye position. The PPD per eye of the HTC Vive, Oculus CV1 and PlayStation VR headsets are all in the 10 to 15 range today.” A low FOV would result in a higher pixel density, but this could also affect negatively the VR experience since a wider field of view is also important for immersion.

There is still a way to go for VR HMDs to come close to the visual acuity or retinal resolution of people’s eyes. Nevertheless, higher pixel density displays for VR headsets are coming.

Pixel density of various HMDs

Virtual Reality

Devices	Pixel Density
ANTVR
Acer Windows Mixed Reality Headset	706 ppi
Apple Vision Pro
Daydream View
FOVE	506 PPI
Figment VR	Depends on the smartphone
Google Cardboard	Depends on the smartphone
HP Reverb G2
HTC Vive	455.63 PPI per eye
HTC Vive Developer Editions	??
HTC Vive Pro	615 PPI per eye
Impression Pi	400+ PPI
LG 360 VR
Lenovo Windows Holographic HMD
Meta Quest 2	???.?? PPI per eye
OSVR HDK1	401 PPI
OSVR HDK2	441 PPI
Oculus Quest
Oculus Rift	455.63 PPI per eye
Oculus Rift DK1	215 PPI
Oculus Rift DK2	386 PPI
Oculus Rift S
Oculus Santa Cruz
Pico G2
Pico Neo 2
Pico Neo 3 Pro
Pico Neo CV
Pimax 8K	2 * 3840x2160 16.6 million total pixels
PlayStation VR	386 PPI
Project Alloy
Samsung Gear VR (2015/2016)	518 PPI - 577 PPI
Samsung Gear VR Innovator Edition	515 PPI 557 PPI
StarVR	484 PPI
Sulon Q
Valve Index
Wearality Sky

Augmented Reality

Devices	Pixel Density
Apple Vision Pro
Atheer AiR
CastAR	??
Google Glass
Impression Pi	400+ PPI
Magic Leap One
Meta 2
Microsoft HoloLens	Holographic density: over 2.5k radiants (light points per radian)
Microsoft HoloLens 2
R-7 Smartglasses
SmartEyeglass Developer Edition SED-E1	??
Snap Spectacles 3
Sulon Q