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If the first proposition is false than it means that a significant portion of civilizations reach technological maturity. If the second one is false, it would mean that a significant fraction of these civilizations run ancestor simulations. It follows that if one and two are false, then there would be a great number of simulations. In this case, almost all observers with our types of experiences would be living in simulations. The simulation argument does not show that we are living in a simulation. Instead, it states that at least one of the three propositions its true, not telling which one <ref name=”6”></ref> <ref name=”15”></ref>.
==Transhumanism==
In Bostrom (2005), transhumanism is described as “a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually over the past two decades, and can be viewed as an outgrowth of secular humanism and the Enlightenment. It holds that current human nature is improvable through the use of applied science and other rational methods, which may make it possible to increase human health-span, extend our intellectual and physical capacities, and give us increased control over our own mental states and moods. Technologies of concern include not only current ones, like genetic engineering and information technology, but also anticipated future developments such as fully immersive virtual reality, machine-phase nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence.” <ref name=”17”> Bostrom, N. (2005). In defense of posthuman dignity. Bioethics, 19(3): 202-214</ref>. This arises from the human desire to acquire new capabilities. Even in ancient times, humanity as sought to expand the boundaries of its existence <ref name=”4”></ref>.
Transhumanism advocates that human enhancement technologies should be widely available, and that individuals should have the option to choose which technologies they want to apply to themselves. It also promotes the view that parents should decide which reproductive technologies to use when having children. Transhumanists believe that the potential hazards of human enhancement technologies will be surpassed by their benefits. The development and implementation of these future technologies could lead to our descendant being “posthuman”, with indefinite health-spans, greater intellectual faculties, new sensibilities, or possibly the ability to control emotions <ref name=”17”></ref>.
===Cognitive enhancement===
Cognitive enhancement is “the amplification or extension of core capacities of the mind through improvement or augmentation of internal or external information processing systems.” For example, currently, external hardware and software give human beings effective cognitive abilities that in some aspects surpass those of biological brains. To improve cognitive function, interventions can be directed at the core faculties of cognition: perception, attention, understanding, and memory <ref> Bostrom, N. and Sandberg, A. (2009). Cognitive enhancement: methods, ethics, regulatory challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics, 15(3): 311-341</ref>.
==Bibliography==